Yet another reason to go to Fike

A new study suggests that exercise helps intracellular housecleaning


article from: http://mobile.nytimes.com/article?a=905664&f=25
image from: google images

Scientists from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas experimented with two groups of mice to study a process called autophagy. During this process, cells clean away the broken and worn out cells, bacteria, viruses, and other debris. This trash is then taken to the lysosome, which breaks it down and burns it to create energy. If the body does not perform autophagy successfully, cells could become overcome by trash. These cells could then malfunction or die, perhaps leading to diabetes, muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer’s, or cancer. Autophagy can also affect aging when the process slows. This system begins when the cells are starved and begin to consume broken and dead cells to generate energy and revive the hungry cells. When people exercise, they put physiological stress on the cell, jump starting the autophagy. In order to find and test this information, researchers treated mice so their cells glowed when undergoing this process and then had the mice run. After thirty minutes, the mice showed signs of accelerated autophagy. These mice were tested against another group that could not increase their autophagy during exercise. When both ran, the second group grew tired quickly because their muscles couldn’t get sugar from their blood. When both groups were given a diet that created a mice version of diabetes, the control group of mice was able to renew their health through exercise. The test group remained unhealthy and diabetic, even after running. The researchers discovered that exercise increases autophagy, which is accompanied by several health benefits. This study helps us understand at least one reason why exercise is healthy for our bodies.

Society stresses the importance of exercise to stay thin and healthy. However, we are rarely told how exercise helps our bodies. This study answers some of the questions we might ask about exercise and its relationship to health. According to the article, this information could also answer why some individuals do not respond as well to exercise as others. Some people may have slow or faulty autophagy systems which could affect their reaction to exercise. The study could also help in the development of drugs or exercise programs that could allow everyone the opportunity to benefit fully from exercise.

I am constantly being told to exercise more, from my parents, brothers, commercials, billboards, etc. However, this article has convinced me of the importance of exercise, much more effectively than any of them. I had never heard of autophagy before (which isn’t exactly surprising since I’m not a huge fan of biology) and was surprised by the number of problems that could arise when it did not work properly. I believe that everyone should have some knowledge of this process and the specific benefits that come from exercise. After reading about this study, I feel motivated to get off the couch and go down to Fike for some Zumba.

Seeing Sounds

Researchers interpret brain signals to decode words being heard by the subject

article and image from:

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=word-of-mind-researchers-decode

Researchers in Berkeley and San Francisco were able to measure electrical signals in the language-processing center of the brain. These measurements allowed them to decipher words the subject was hearing. The researchers hope that the knowledge gained from this study could help severely disabled individuals regain their ability to communicate. Fifteen volunteers participated in the study. They listened to words, sounds, and sentences through a loudspeaker or headphones as the researches recorded the activity occurring in their brain’s auditory cortex. These volunteers were already being monitored for seizures, due to epilepsy or brain tumors. The researchers would not have been able to measure the brains of these volunteers if it were not for the brain scans already underway due to medical treatment. In this study, made possible because of medicine, researchers created an algorithm that mapped sounds heard by the subject to the electrode’s measurements. This algorithm was then able to match sounds to signals in the brain. In order to test the algorithm, they attempted to recreate the word a listener heard. The algorithm created a sound which could be interpreted after some work as a word. The study created two different versions of the algorithm for different aspects of sound. One version uses a linear representation of sound, showing frequency over time, while the other is nonlinear. The first conveys sound rhythms by oscillations in the brain. The second conveys rhythms by overall brain activity. The nonlinear version is more accurate than the linear model when studying faster speech rhythms. While the research from this experiment focuses purely on actual sounds a listener hears, future studies may be able to discover whether or not similar regions in the brain are used to decipher words we speak to ourselves, internally.

This study has provided further knowledge of the brain’s auditory and language functions which could be used to help the communication of disabled individuals and to improve speech recognition technology. This study was able to understand what someone was hearing by looking at that person’s brain. The researchers were then able to recreate words by simulating brain activity. This information could be used to restore communication to people who are currently unable to send or receive messages to or from their loved ones. Returning any ability to communicate to these individuals would greatly improve their lives. The study is also relevant to the general public in that the information gained could improve current technology for speech recognition. Siri, the technology which accompanies the iphone 4, has amazed many of us with its ability to read text messages and answer questions. The new information provided by this study could make this technology even more impressive.

I am constantly amazed by how much we still have to learn about the human brain. With each new study, we discover a little bit more about this amazingly complex organ. The discovery made in this particular study will help us learn about how we are able to communicate with each other. As an English major, I’m interested in communication and language. These researchers were able to see physical evidence of spoken words. They watched as the brain interpreted sounds and transformed them into words. This in itself is amazing, but the study could lead to even more remarkable discoveries. I can’t wait to learn what our brains still have to teach us.